prefix: doi.org/10.52283/1.ajbmr |
News UpdatesCurrent Issue: Vol.11 No.01 2026 Ajbmr indexed in Australian Business Dean Council (ABDC) | Find us on: Academic Journals Database, World Cat , ISI
Volume[11], Issue[01], 2026
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Government Support, PPP Financing Structure and Geothermal Energy Project Completion in Sub-Saharan Africa: Gaps and Lessons Learned from Kenya
►Sitati Olando (Corresponding Author)sitatiolando@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1220-5531
►Mary Nyawira Mwenda
►Reuben Wambua Kikwatha
►Charles Mallans Rambo
Received: 27 August, 2025
Final Revision: 16 November, 2025
Accepted: 19 December, 2025
Published: 31 January, 2026
10.52283/NSWRCA.AJBMR.20261101A01
AbstractGeothermal energy is a strategic resource in Kenya's energy strategy, but its development is constrained by intertwined technical, socio-political, and financial risks. Despite the increasing reliance on public private partnership (PPP) financing and procurement mechanisms for large-scale projects in Kenya, the execution and completion success of geothermal energy development remains highly variable, raising fundamental institutional, policy, and regulatory concerns. This presents a critical research void in understanding the effectiveness of government support in PPP frameworks within Sub-Saharan Africa, given the existing systemic governance and policy challenges. The study, therefore, aims to examine the extent to which government support measures moderate the relationship between PPP financing structures and project completion, drawing from Kenyan lessons and experience in geothermal energy development.
To address this, the study employed a mixed-methods research design, integrating a cross-sectional survey of 48 licensed geothermal projects with key informant interviews involving policymakers, investors, financiers, and developers in Kenya. Structured questionnaires anchored on a Likert scale provided quantitative insights, while interview data supplied qualitative depth. Data analysis incorporated descriptive statistics, regression modelling, and moderation analysis to evaluate the interaction between PPP financing structures, government support measures, and project completion outcomes.
The findings demonstrated that the Kenyan PPP financing structure, particularly comprising public equity and commercial debt, significantly influenced project completion. Furthermore, hybrid or mezzanine financing showed enhanced effectiveness when supported by complementary government support. Importantly, government support strongly influenced PPP financing structures through institutional mandates, feed-in-tariff policies, standardized power purchase agreement (PPA) frameworks, and regulatory guidelines in completing projects. The findings carry significant implications. From a policy perspective, they underscore the necessity of robust state support mechanisms, adaptive PPP frameworks, feed-in-tariff policies, and targeted regulatory reforms to improve project completion outcomes. Theoretically, the findings reinforce the position of Public Choice, Agency, and Systems theories in illustrating the interplay between state interventions, financing structures, and PPP project completion. Overall, these results advance scholarly and practical understanding of geothermal energy project management, offering guidance for policymakers and practitioners seeking to accelerate energy transitions in developing and emerging economies.Keywords:Geothermal Energy Project, Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Financing Structure, Government Support, Project Completion, Sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya.-
Stakeholder Involvement in Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation for Sustainability of Voluntourism Projects in Coastal Region, Kenya
►Anne Polly Kagwiria Kithinji (Corresponding Author)
►Christopher Mwangi Gakuu
►Harriet Jepchumba Kidombo
Received: 26 September, 2025
Final Revision: 21 January, 2026
Accepted: 10 February, 2026
Published: 15 February, 2026
AbstractBearing in mind the often negative impacts of voluntourism, it is worth exploring stakeholder involvement in participatory monitoring and evaluation as a predictor of the sustainability of voluntourism projects, representing a significant contribution to stakeholder theory. This research focused on how stakeholder involvement (SI) in participatory monitoring and evaluation (PME) influences the sustainability of voluntourism projects (SOP) in the Coastal region of Kenya. A pragmatic paradigm and a descriptive cross-sectional design were applied. The target population comprised 20 voluntourism projects, with 1,004 respondents, including 20 project managers, 452 employees, and 532 community representatives. All 20 project managers were interviewed, while 130 employees and 154 community representatives completed semi-structured questionnaires.
Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were incorporated in processing, analysing, and interpreting the data, with SPSS used to generate percentages, frequency distributions, and measures of central tendency. The combined influence was analysed using multiple regression tests. Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables using means, percentages, frequencies, and standard deviations. Inferential statistics comprised simple regression, multiple regression, stepwise regression (R²), Pearson’s product-moment correlation (r), and hypothesis testing using the t-test.
The findings indicated a positive relationship between stakeholder involvement and the sustainability of voluntourism projects, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The findings are expected to guide government policymakers and project practitioners in designing effective collaboration models between communities and voluntourists, enabling communities to achieve improved livelihoods aligned with stakeholders’ preferences and needs. As this gap has not been adequately addressed, the findings contribute to the existing literature, particularly in project management, participatory monitoring and evaluation, and the voluntourism industry. Future studies could explore alternative variables and dimensions of stakeholder involvement and PME implemented in other sectors, such as resource execution and utilisation, supply and demand dynamics, state agencies’ perceptions, and community protection. Additionally, comparative studies involving developed and efficient economies may yield further insights.Keywords:Stakeholder Involvement (SI), Sustainability of Voluntourism Projects (SOP), Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME), Coastal Region of Kenya.-
Preferred Quality Attributes of Child Daycare-Center and Their Influences on Word-Of-Mouth Promotion by Parents: Testing the Moderating Effects of Gender
►Zarjina Tarana Khalil (Corresponding Author)
►Shahneela Naheed
►Tamgid Ahmed Chowdhury
Received: 23 April, 2024
Final Revision: 21 August, 2024
Accepted: 14 September, 2025
Published: 20 February, 2026
AbstractWord of mouth (WOM) is a credible promotional tool, particularly for credence-based services. Day care centers represent an emerging service in most developing nations and remain an under-researched area. This study proposes a seven-dimensional, 34-item, statistically valid and reliable model that captures the quality attributes influencing WOM promotion in day care centers. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results revealed that attributes such as ‘security’ and ‘staff credentials’ are top priorities for parents. Furthermore, significant differences between men and women regarding the degree of WOM promotion for day care centers were identified. The findings can guide both existing and prospective day care center owners in designing and modifying their service attributes to encourage positive WOM promotion by parents. Additionally, the outcomes of this study may assist the relevant ministry in preparing policy guidelines for the day care service industry in developing nations.Keywords:Child Day Care Center, Word Of Mouth Promotion, Multidimensional Modeling, Developing Country.-
Households’ Involvement in Monitoring and Evaluation Decision-Making and Performance of Tanzania Conditional Cash Transfer Project
►Bernard Arbogast Katerengabo (Corresponding Author)
►Christopher Mwangi Gakuu
►Harriet Jepchumba Kidombo
Received:13 January,2025
Final Revision:27 December,2025
Accepted: 03 April,2026
Published:11 April, 2026
AbstractDespite implementing CCT project for 10 years in the efforts to reduce poverty rate, previous studies revealed commonly that participatory M&E impacted on successful implementation of community projects in Tanzania, however, the beneficiaries were excluded. No prior findings existed that assessed the impact of households’ engagement in M&E decision making on performance of Conditional Cash Transfer project. Absence of evidence leaves the researchers uninformed. Therefore, the research aimed at addressing the knowledge gap through the assessment of households’ engagement in M&E decision making on the performance of Conditional Cash Transfer project. The study employed two theories namely the theory of change and a ladder of citizen participation. The theory of change emphasizes on capacitating the households on M&E decision making skills though training them on M&E while a ladder of citizen participation focuses on vesting the power to households for them to make decisions regarding the Conditional Cash Transfer project. The study applied pragmatic paradigm with a blended research design strategy. Both probability and non-probability sampling strategies were embraced. Yamane formula was used to obtain a sample size of 400 heads of households while eight Village Committees and eight Monitoring Officers were selected by using purposive sampling. Data were collected through administered questionnaires, key in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The findings established a significant influence between households’ involvement in Monitoring and Evaluation decision-making (t=4.970, p-value=0.000) on the performance of the of Tanzania Conditional Cash Transfer Project. It was concluded that households’ involvement in Monitoring and Evaluation decision-making would play a significant role in the performance of the Tanzania Conditional Cash Transfer project. The findings supported the theory of change on the importance of engaging the households in M&E for clearly understanding the path to performance. The study findings were consistent with empowering the beneficiaries and engaging them in M&E through Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E). Empirical evidence showed that hierarchical leadership paralyzed the actualization of many programs because of leaving the community aside during the implementation of N&E. PM&E is the catalyst for programs performance because of community ownership and ability to define the project performance on their local ways. Therefore, implementers of the project should review and improve M&E system by adding the component that incorporates the involvement of households at the decision levels for influencing the performance of the of Tanzania Conditional Cash Transfer project.Keywords:Households; Monitoring and Evaluation; Poverty; Performance; Conditional Cash Transfer.-
Households’ Involvement in Monitoring and Evaluation and Performance of Tanzania’s Conditional Cash Transfer Project: The Mediating Role of Capacity Building
►Bernard Arbogast Katerengabo (Corresponding Author)
►Christopher Mwangi Gakuu
►Harriet Jepchumba Kidombo
Received:13 January,2025
Final Revision:05 December,2025
Accepted: 09 May,2026
Published:08 June, 2026
AbstractFor decades, developing countries have made sustained efforts to overcome the challenge of poverty. In this regard, Tanzania was among the countries that introduced the Conditional Cash Transfer Project targeting households identified and verified as poor. Previous studies have demonstrated the role of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in improving the performance of community programs in Tanzania. However, limited evidence exists regarding the mediating role of community capacity building in the relationship between household involvement in M&E and the performance of these programs. This knowledge gap formed the basis of the study, which sought to establish the extent to which capacity building mediates the relationship between household involvement in monitoring and evaluation and the performance of the Tanzania Conditional Cash Transfer Project.
The study was guided by the Theory of Change and the Ladder of Citizen Participation. The Theory of Change emphasizes building household capacity through the provision of M&E training, while the Ladder of Citizen Participation advocates empowering households to actively participate in the monitoring and evaluation of development programs. Guided by the pragmatic research paradigm, the study employed cross-sectional and correlational research designs. Yamane's (1967) formula was used to determine a sample of 400 respondents from a target population of 61,240 households. Data were collected using questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The findings established a statistically significant positive influence of household involvement in monitoring and evaluation on the performance of the Tanzania Conditional Cash Transfer Project (t = 8.229, p < 0.05). However, the inclusion of capacity building as a mediating variable did not produce a statistically significant effect on project performance (t = 1.212, p > 0.05). Consequently, capacity building did not significantly mediate the relationship between household involvement in monitoring and evaluation and the performance of the Tanzania Conditional Cash Transfer Project. The findings support the Theory of Change by demonstrating the importance of involving households in monitoring and evaluation to enhance their understanding of project implementation and facilitate participation in monitoring activities aimed at achieving intended outcomes. The findings are also consistent with the Ladder of Citizen Participation, which emphasizes empowering households by providing them with access to project performance information and involving them in decision-making processes. Although household involvement in monitoring and evaluation significantly influenced project performance, empirical evidence revealed that households received limited capacity building and were inadequately engaged in M&E activities. Consequently, many households remained unaware of project progress and were less motivated to advocate for the intended project outcomes. While capacity building did not significantly mediate the relationship between household involvement in M&E and project performance in this study, strengthening household capacity remains important for promoting community participation, inclusivity, and ownership of development interventions. Therefore, project implementers should strengthen the M&E framework by incorporating community representatives into M&E teams from the local to the national levels, thereby enhancing participation and potentially improving the long-term performance of the Tanzania Conditional Cash Transfer Project.
Keywords:Households; Monitoring and Evaluation; Poverty; Performance; Conditional Cash Transfer.
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